Theorem 1: Any sequence of infrakernels which fulfill the niceness conditions have the infinite semidirect product being well-defined and fulfilling the niceness conditions.
As a recap, the niceness conditions are:
1: Lower-semicontinuity for inputs: For all continuous bounded , is a lower-semicontinuous function.
2: 1-Lipschitzness for functions: For all , is 1-Lipschitz.
3: Compact-shared compact-almost-support: For all compact sets and , there is a compact set which is an -almost-support for all the inframeasures where .
4: Constants increase: For all and constant functions , .
5: 1-normalization (only for the type signature): For all ,
Now, is defined as: Fixing an arbitrary sequence of compact sets ,
Our task is to show that is a well-defined infrakernel which fulfills these five properties.
We will be reusing the proofs from "Less Basic Inframeasure Theory" (henceforth abbreviated as LBIT) when possible, and commenting on the differences when applicable.
The proof sketch is:
Part 1: Show that the functions you're feeding into those infrakernels are guaranteed to be continuous.
Part 2: Show that all the are infrakernels which fulfill the niceness conditions, via induction.
Part 3: Show that if a function only depends on the first n coordinates of the input, then the values monotonically increase as m does.
Part 4: Give a general procedure for taking a compact subset of the space and making a compact subset of the space with nice properties related to compact almost-support, that preserves its nice properties when projected down to any finite stage.
Almost-Monotone Lemma: This is a sufficiently useful utility tool in other theorems to be broken out into its own result. It says you can take any and and compact set and pick a sequence of compact sets for the defining sequence of the infinite semidirect product such that the defining sequence for all the (with ) is -almost-monotone.
Part 5: Use parts 2, 3, and 4 to show that for any two different sequences, the defining sequences for the infinite infrakernel will limit to each each other (so if one converges, all do, if one diverges, all do, and if one wiggles around forever, all do), and then apply the Almost-Monotone Lemma to rule out the "wiggle around forever" case. Thus, the limit to define exists, and doesn't depend on the choice of the sequence of compact sets. This solves well-definedness.
Part 6: Using parts 2 and 5, clean up the basic inframeasure conditions for (monotonicity and concavity), and show 1-Lipschitzness, increase of constants, and 1-normalization for while we're at it. That's 3/5 niceness conditions down, and all inframeasure conditions except for compact almost-support.
Part 7: Use our trick from Part 4 and our freedom of picking our compact set sequence from Part 5 to show the compact-shared compact-almost-support property for . This also means that individual outputs of the kernel fulfill CAS, which verifies the last condition we need to conclude that is always an inframeasure. Only lower-semicontinuity of the kernel remains to be verified.
Part 8: We use the Almost-Monotone Lemma to wrap up the last condition, the lower-semicontinuity of the infinite infrakernel.
We often use the usual "start with thing we're trying to prove, and keep reducing it to a simpler problem" technique from the last time this proof path was used.
T1.1 Our desired result is whether the function
is continuous. This was already shown in "Less Basic Inframeasure Theory" (LBIT).
T1.2 The desired result is "if all the have the five niceness properties, then all the are infrakernels with the five niceness properties as well".
The proof sketch for this is that this splits into 6 properties we need to show induct up. Monotonicity (phase 1), concavity (phase 2), 1-Lipschitzness (phase 3), increasing constants (phase 4), shared compact-almost-support (phase 5), and lower-semicontinuity (phase 6), which splits into two parts, one where we show a particular function is continuous, and then show lower-semicontinuity in general. Then, we finish up by arguing that this gets everything we need.
For the base case, because and we're assuming all the have the niceness properties and are infrakernels, trivially fulfills them.
Time for the induction step. Remember that
T1.2.1 Proof of monotonicity: Assume . Then
And the same goes for so if we could prove
we'd be successful. Now, by monotonicity for (by induction assumption), we'd have that result if
Letting be arbitrary, by applying monotonicity for , we'd have that result if
Which is true since . And so we're done, montonicity inducts up.
T1.2.2 Proof of concavity:
and then, by concavity for all , and monotonicity for (by induction assumption), we have
and then, by concavity for (by induction assumption), we have
and then this packs up as
and concavity inducts on up.
T1.2.3 Proof of 1-Lipschitzness: we have
And by 1-Lipschitzness for (by induction assumption), we have
And by 1-Lipschitzness for , we have
And 1-Lipschitzness inducts on up.
T1.2.4 Proof of increasing constants (and 1-normalization): We have
And then by increasing constants for , and monotonicity for (induction assumption), we have
Now just apply increasing constants for (induction assumption) to get
For 1-normalization in the type signature, we can have , and then instead of an inequality, we have an equality, and the same proof path works, just using 1-normalization instead of increasing constants. They both induct up.
T1.2.5 Proof of the compact-shared CAS property: Our task is to take an arbitrary compact set , and find a compact set where two functions identical on the set only differ in expectation by according to all with .
Let , and define the set as
where the first compact set is a shared -almost-support for the where (exists by compact-shared CAS for , an induction assumption) and the second compact set is a shared -almost-support for the where is in (exists by compact-shared CAS for , an assumed niceness condition). Let be continuous and identical on . Then, we have
Now, we apply Lemma 2 from LBIT, where we can upper-bound this quantity by "Lipschitz constant of the inframeasure times how much the functions differ on the almost-support + level of almost-support times how much the functions differ in general". We use as our compact set for the inner function. It was defined as a -almost support for all with , and is 1-Lipschitz (induction assumption). So our upper bound is:
Focusing on that second chunk, we can apply 1-Lipschitzness of to yield
For the first chunk, we can apply Lemma 2 from LBIT again, with as our compact set, which is a -almost support for all with , and is 1-Lipschitz. So our upper bound is:
Now, since and are identical on that first term just vanishes, yielding
We upper-bound this by
Which then clearly just reduces to
And we're done, the compact-shared CAS property inducts up.
T1.2.6.1 Proof of lower-semicontinuity: We'll start by taking an extended detour to show that the function
is lower-semicontinuous. Fix a convergent sequence of inputs, which limit to . First up, the set
is compact in since it converges and we have the limit point added in. By the compact-shared CAS property for , we can take any and make a compact set which is a shared -almost-support for all the inframeasures. For any m, we can then apply the Lemma 2 (from LBIT) decomposition with the -almost-support for all the inframeasures (and 1-Lipschitzness of ) to get the inequality
That second term can be upper-bounded by , so doing that, we have
Now, the set is a compact set, so any continuous bounded function is uniformly continuous on it. For all , there is some where two points only apart within this set have only differing by on them. Since limits to , for sufficiently large m, those two points will be within of each either, so eventually
will be or less for late enough m. So, for late enough m, we have
Since can be arbitrary, we have that the sequences
and
limit to each other. Therefore,
And then, by lower-semicontinuity for , we have
and so, lower-semicontinuity of the function
is shown. Time to return to the usual induction proof.
T1.2.6.2 For lower-semicontinuity in inputs, we first unpack the semidirect product. Fix a sequence which limits to .
Since we showed that the function
is lower-semicontinuous, we can apply the monotone convergence theorem for inframeasures and rewrite as
For any individual , call it , we have
We now run through the same proof path as earlier again. The set is compact in since it converges and we have the limit point added in. By the compact-shared CAS property for (induction assumption), we can take any and make a compact set which is a shared -almost-support for all the inframeasures. For any m, we can then apply the Lemma 2 (from LBIT) decomposition with the -almost-support for all the inframeasures (and 1-Lipschitzness of by induction assumption) to get the inequality
That second term can be upper-bounded by , so doing that, we have
Now, the set is a compact set, so any continuous bounded function f is uniformly continuous on it. For all , there is some where two points only apart within this set have only differing by on them. Since limits to , for sufficiently large m, those two points will be within of each either, so eventually
will be or less for late enough m. So, for late enough m, we have
Since can be arbitrary, we have that the sequences
and
limit to each other. Taking a break to recap, we had
and for any fulfilling those bounding conditions for the sup, we have
and from our fresh new result, we then have
and, by lower-semicontinuity for (induction assumption), we have
Since was arbitrary below
this means that
Now, we can put our lower-semicontinuous upper bound back in to get
and we're done, induction applies for lower-semicontinuity.
All our induction steps have been shown. First, for showing that all the are inframeasures, we have monotonicity and concavity. Lipschitzness is taken care of by our 1-Lipschitzness induction. Compact almost support is taken care of by our compact-shared CAS induction for the , because a single point is compact. And weak normalization (0 must map to 0 or more) is taken care of by our Constants Increase induction. So all the are inframeasures.
For the 5 niceness conditions, we proved all of lower-semicontinuity, 1-Lipschitzness, compact-shared CAS, increasing constants, and 1-normalization by induction. So we can now assume that all are nice.
T1.3 We must show that if we go far enough out in the , the value assigned to functions which only depend on finitely many inputs starts monotonically increasing. The result that we'd like to show at this point is:
Fix an arbitrary and . Then, we can just go:
Since , that function at the end is a constant (doesn't depend on its input), so by Increasing Constants for and Monotonicity for , we have
and we're done.
T1.4 Our desired result here is:
This says that if you pick any compact subset of , you can make a compact subset of