Jan Kulveit offers a rough psychological model of character-trained LLMs like Claude: a Surface Layer of reflexive, cached responses; a Character Layer that maintains a stable personality; and a Predictive Ground Layer, a vast prediction engine that models everything, including the user. Seeing how these layers interact helps clarify LLM behavior and safety questions.
The idea of “artificial superintelligence [1] ” (ASI) has recently crossed from the realm of science fiction (in the mainstream perception) to the realm of near-term technological goals openly pursued by most leading commercial organizations in the field of AI. Unfortunately, ASI poses a grave existential risk to the human species. This was argued by Eliezer Yudkowsky since 2001 [2] , and by many others (see e.g., Omohundro 2009, Bostrom 2014, Armstrong 2014, Russell 2019, Bengio et al. 2024 (25 authors), Bengio et al. 2025 (13 authors) and Yudkowsky and Soares 2025).
In light of this risk comes the question of how can we make ASI safe...
Imagine that you’re looking for buried treasure on a large desert island, worth a billion dollars. You don’t have a map, but a mysterious hermit offers you a box with a button to help find the treasure. Each time you press the button, it will tell you either “warmer” or “colder”. But there’s a catch. With probability the box will tell you the truth about whether you’re closer than you were last time you pressed. But with the remaining probability of .9999999999999999999999999999992, the box will make a random guess between “warmer” and “colder”. Should you pay $1 for this box?
Keep this in mind as we discuss the closely related problem of parity learning.
In my experience of interacting with the ML and interpretability communities, the majority of people...