There's a nice recent paper whose authors did the following:
The linked article is interesting, and also suggests that it's not as simple as
The good solution is to add more Black people to the training dataset.
because the issue isn't simply "our system sometimes misclassifies people as animals", it's "our system sometimes misclassifies people as animals, and one not-so-rare case of this happens to line up with an incredibly offensive old racist slur" -- and that last bit is a subtle fact about human affairs that there's no possible way the system could have learned from looking at labelled samples of images. The dataset had a good mix of races in it; humans do look rather like other great apes; in the absence... (read more)
Thanks! (I would not have guessed correctly.)
It would add some possibly-useful context to this review if you explained why you came to it with an axe to grind. (Just as race is both possibly-useful information and a possible source of prejudice to correct for, so also with your prior prejudices about this book.)
OK, I get it. (Or at least I think I do.) And, duh, indeed it turns out (as you were too polite to say in so many words) that I was distinctly confused.
So: Using ordinary conditionals in planning your actions commits you to reasoning like "If (here in the actual world it turns out that) I choose to smoke this cigarette, then that makes it more likely that I have the weird genetic anomaly that causes both desire-to-smoke and lung cancer, so I'm more likely to die prematurely and horribly of lung cancer, so I shouldn't smoke it", which makes wrong decisions. So you want to use some sort of conditional that... (read 394 more words →)
I agree that much of what's problematic about the example I gave is that the "inner" counterfactuals are themselves unclear. I was thinking that this makes the nested counterfactual harder to make sense of (exactly because it's unclear what connection there might be between them) but on reflection I think you're right that this isn't really about counterfactual nesting and that if we picked other poorly-defined (non-counterfactual) propositions we'd get a similar effect: "If it were morally wrong to eat shellfish, would humans Really Truly Have Free Will?" or whatever.
I'd not given any thought before to your distinction between linguistic and decision-theoretic counterfactuals. I'm actually not sure I understand the distinction. It's... (read 360 more words →)
I never found Stalnaker's thesis at all plausible, not because I'd thought of the ingenious little calculation you give but because it just seems obviously wrong intuitively. But I suppose if you don't have any presuppositions about what sort of notion an implication is allowed to be, you don't get to reject it on those grounds. So I wasn't really entitled to say "Pr(A|B) is not the same thing as Pr(B=>A) for any particular notion of implication", since I hadn't thought of that calculation.
Anyway, I have just the same sense of obvious wrongness about this counterfactual version of Stalnaker. I suspect it's harder to come up with an outright refutation, not least... (read more)
How confident are you that the "right" counterfactual primitive is something like your C(A|B) meaning (I take it) "if B were the case then A would be the case"?
The alternative I have in mind assimilates counterfactual conditionals to conditional probabilities rather than to logical implications, so in addition to your existing Pr(A|B)=... meaning "if B is the case, then here's how strongly I expect A to be the case" there's Prc(A|B)=... meaning "if B were the case -- even though that might require the world to be different from how it actually is -- then here's how strongly I expect that A would be the case"?
In some ways this feels more natural... (read more)
I'm not 100% sure I am understanding your terminology. What does it mean to "play stag against (stag,stag)" or to "defect against cooperate/cooperate"?
If your opponent is not in any sense a utility-maximizer then I don't think it makes sense to talk about your opponent's utilities, which means that it doesn't make sense to have a payout matrix denominated in utility, which means that we are not in the situation of my second paragraph above ("The meaning generally assumed in game theory...").
We might be in the situation of my last-but-two paragraph ("Or maybe we're playing a game in which..."): the payouts might be something other than utilities. Dollars, perhaps, or just numbers written... (read more)
I think "X and Y are playing a game of stag hunt" has multiple meanings.
The meaning generally assumed in game theory when considering just a single game is that the outcomes in the game matrix are utilities. In that case, I completely agree with Dagon: if on some occasion you prefer to pick "hare" even though you know I will pick "stag", then we are not actually playing the stag hunt game. (Because part of what it means to be playing stag hunt rather than some other game is that we both consider (stag,stag) the best outcome.)
But there are some other situations that might be described by saying that X and Y... (read 445 more words →)
Inappropriately highbrow proof of #4 (2d Sperner's lemma):
This proves a generalization: any number of dimensions, and any triangulation of the simplex in question. So, the setup is as follows. We have an n-dimensional simplex, defined by n+1 points in n-dimensional space. We colour the vertices with n+1 different colours. Then we triangulate it -- chop it up into smaller simplexes -- and we extend our colouring somehow in such a way that the vertices on any face (note: a face is the thing spanned by any subset of the vertices) of the big simplex are coloured using only the colours from the vertices that span that face. And the task is to... (read 890 more words →)