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The original draft of Ayeja's report on biological anchors for AI timelines. The report includes quantitative models and forecasts, though the specific numbers were still in flux at the time. Ajeya cautions against wide sharing of specific conclusions, as they don't yet reflect Open Philanthropy's official stance.

#12

AGI safety from first principles: Introduction

Richard Ngo lays out the core argument for why AGI could be an existential threat: we might build AIs that are much smarter than humans, that act autonomously to pursue large-scale goals, whose goals conflict with ours, leading them to take control of humanity's future. He aims to defend this argument in detail from first principles.

#16

Cortés, Pizarro, and Afonso as Precedents for Takeover

In the span of a few years, some minor European explorers (later known as the conquistadors) encountered, conquered, and enslaved several huge regions of the world. Daniel Kokotajlo argues this shows the plausibility of a small AI system rapidly taking over the world, even without overwhelming technological superiority.

#19

Against GDP as a metric for timelines and takeoff speeds

GDP isn't a great metric for AI timelines or takeoff speed because the relevant events (like AI alignment failure or progress towards self-improving AI) could happen before GDP growth accelerates visibly. Instead, we should focus on things like warning shots, heterogeneity of AI systems, risk awareness, multipolarity, and overall "craziness" of the world.

#44

The date of AI Takeover is not the day the AI takes over

Instead, it's the point of no return—the day we AI risk reducers lose the ability to significantly reduce AI risk. This might happen years before classic milestones like "World GWP doubles in four years" and "Superhuman AGI is deployed."

#45

Reply to Eliezer on Biological Anchors

Eliezer Yudkowsky recently criticized the OpenPhil draft report on AI timelines. Holden Karnofsky thinks Eliezer misunderstood the report in important ways, and defends the report's usefulness as a tool for informing (not determining) AI timelines.

#46

Biology-Inspired AGI Timelines: The Trick That Never Works

The practice of extrapolating AI timelines based on biological analogies has a long history of not working. Eliezer argues that this is because the resource gets consumed differently, so base-rate arguments from resource consumption end up quite unhelpful in real life.

Timelines are inherently very difficult to predict accurately, until we are much closer to AGI.

6Daniel Kokotajlo

Ajeya's timelines report is the best thing that's ever been written about AI timelines imo. Whenever people ask me for my views on timelines, I go through the following mini-flowchart: 1. Have you read Ajeya's report? --If yes, launch into a conversation about the distribution over 2020's training compute and explain why I think the distribution should be substantially to the left, why I worry it might shift leftward faster than she projects, and why I think we should use it to forecast AI-PONR instead of TAI. --If no, launch into a conversation about Ajeya's framework and why it's the best and why all discussion of AI timelines should begin there. So, why do I think it's the best? Well, there's a lot to say on the subject, but, in a nutshell: Ajeya's framework is to AI forecasting what actual climate models are to climate change forecasting (by contrast with lower-tier methods such as "Just look at the time series of temperature over time / AI performance over time and extrapolate" and "Make a list of factors that might push the temperature up or down in the future / make AI progress harder or easier," and of course the classic "poll a bunch of people with vaguely related credentials." There's something else which is harder to convey... I want to say Ajeya's model doesn't actually assume anything, or maybe it makes only a few very plausible assumptions. This is underappreciated, I think. People will say e.g. "I think data is the bottleneck, not compute." But Ajeya's model doesn't assume otherwise! If you think data is the bottleneck, then the model is more difficult for you to use and will give more boring outputs, but you can still use it. (Concretely, you'd have 2020's training compute requirements distribution with lots of probability mass way to the right, and then rather than say the distribution shifts to the left at a rate of about one OOM a decade, you'd input whatever trend you think characterizes the likely improvements in data gathering.) The upsho

2Raemon

I haven't had time to reread this sequence in depth, but I wanted to at least touch on how I'd evaluate it. It seems to be aiming to be both a good introductory sequence, while being a "complete and compelling case I can for why the development of AGI might pose an existential threat". The question is who is this sequence for, what is it's goal, and how does it compare to other writing targeting similar demographics. Some writing that comes to mind to compare/contrast it with includes: * Scott Alexander's Superintelligence FAQ. This is the post I've found most helpful for convincing people (including myself), that yes, AI is just actually a big deal and an extinction risk. It's 8000 words. It's written fairly entertainingly. What I find particularly compelling here are a bunch of factual statements about recent AI advances that I hadn't known about at the time. * Tim Urban's Road To Superintelligence series. This is even more optimized for entertainingness. I recall it being a bit more handwavy and making some claims that were either objectionable, or at least felt more objectionable. It's 22,000 words. * Alex Flint's AI Risk for Epistemic Minimalists. This goes in a pretty different direction – not entertaining, and not really comprehensive either . It came to mind because it's doing a sort-of-similar thing of "remove as many prerequisites or assumptions as possible". (I'm not actually sure it's that helpful, the specific assumptions it's avoiding making don't feel like issues I expect to come up for most people, and then it doesn't make a very strong claim about what to do) (I recall Scott Alexander once trying to run a pseudo-study where he had people read a randomized intro post on AI alignment, I think including his own Superintelligence FAQ and Tim Urban's posts among others, and see how it changed people's minds. I vaguely recall it didn't find that big a difference between them. I'd be curious how this compared) At a glance, AGI Safety From First P

7Daniel Kokotajlo

(I am the author) I still like & endorse this post. When I wrote it, I hadn't read more than the wiki articles on the subject. But then afterwards I went and read 3 books (written by historians) about it, and I think the original post held up very well to all this new info. In particular, the main critique the post got -- that disease was more important than I made it sound, in a way that undermined my conclusion -- seems to have been pretty wrong. (See e.g. this comment thread, these follow up posts) So, why does it matter? What contribution did this post make? Well, at the time -- and still now, though I think I've made a dent in the discourse -- quite a lot of people I respect (such as people at OpenPhil) seemed to think unaligned AGI would need god-like powers to be able to take over the world -- it would need to be stronger than the rest of the world combined! I think this is based on a flawed model of how takeover/conquest works, and history contains plenty of counterexamples to the model. The conquistadors are my favorite counterexample from my limited knowledge of history. (The flawed model goes by the name of "The China Argument," at least in my mind. You may have heard the argument before -- China is way more capable than the most capable human, yet it can't take over the world; therefore AGI will need to be way way more capable than the most powerful human to take over the world.) Needless to say, this is a somewhat important crux, as illustrated by e.g. Joe Carlsmith's report, which assigns a mere 40% credence to unaligned APS-AI taking over the world even conditional on it escaping and seeking power and managing to cause at least a trillion dollars worth of damage. (I've also gotten feedback from various people at OpenPhil saying that this post was helpful to them, so yay!) I've since written a sequence of posts elaborating on this idea: Takeoff and Takeover in the Past and Future. Alas, I still haven't written the capstone posts in the sequence, t

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